Fundamentals of financial accounting / Ashok Sehgal

Public ISBD Title : Fundamentals of financial accounting Material Type: printed text Authors: Ashok Sehgal, Author Edition statement: 5th ed Publication Date: 2006 Pagination: 1176p Size: Books Price: 350 Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Keywords: 'accounting' Class number: 657 Fundamentals of financial accounting [printed text] / Ashok Sehgal, Author  . -  5th ed . - 2006 . - 1176p ; Books. 350 Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Keywords: 'accounting' Class number: 657

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Global accounting convergence and Nepal's leap from NAS to IFRS/NFRS: opportunities and challeges / Prajwal Shrestha 

Public ISBD Title : Global accounting convergence and Nepal's leap from NAS to IFRS/NFRS: opportunities and challeges Material Type: printed text Authors: Prajwal Shrestha, Author Publication Date: 2016 Pagination: 64p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 5/B General note: Including bibilography Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Accounting-Standards International business enterprises-Accounting Keywords: 'acconting  global accounting  banks  bank and banking' Class number: 657.96 Abstract: With globalization the behavior of doing business changed across the world. The process of financial reporting of business activities also underwent a great change. This started in 2005 when European Union made it mandatory for publicly traded companies to present consolidated financial statements in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) starting from January 01, 2005 (Varghese, 2014). IFRS is a trade mark of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation. The main objective of International Financial reporting Standard (IFRS) is to harmonize accounting between countries which will make it easier to conduct business internationally and can subsequently raise funds in global capital market. In Nepal, The Accounting Standards Board (ASB) has prepared the road map so as to converge the Nepal Accounting Standards with International Financial Reporting Standards, which has been expected to be implemented from financial year 2013-14 onwards on phase-wise basis. For this purpose, a non-standing committee called IFRS & ISA Implementation Committee under Council of ICAN has been formed in the year 2011-12. Once these large economies converge with the IFRS, jurisdictions covering around 80 to 90 per cent of the world‘s GDP will be reporting under IFRS standards (Heidhues & Patel, 2008). Therefore, countries like Nepal too cannot afford to remain behind. Phan, Mascitelli & Barut (2011) suggested that the Vietnamese accounting professionals are optimistic about potential benefits from IFRS adoption. Their findings also indicated expected costs and challenges in implementing IFRS and suggest strong support in a gradual switch from Vietnam Accounting Standard (VAS) to IFRS. Callao et al. (2007) analyzed the financial data of Spanish firms and revealed that local comparability is adversely affected if both IFRS and local Accounting Standards are applied in the same country at the same time. Ali & Ustundag (2009) observed that Turkey has encountered several complications in adaption of IFRS such as complex structure of the International standards, potential knowledge shortfalls and other difficulties in application and enforcement issues. The main objective of this study is to analyze the perception of Nepalese practitioner regarding various opportunities and challenges as a result of IFRS convergence in Nepal. And the specific objectives are : to analyze whether IFRS enhance accuracy and reliability in financial reporting, to identify whether inadequate training facilities is a roadblock for an effective shift from NAS to ix IFRS, to determine if IFRS require immediate change in Nepalese company laws and other related laws and to examine the impact of IFRS convergence on regularity oversight. All the data required for this analytical study has been obtained mainly from primary sources. To reduce the complexity of data responses questionnaire were distributed, among those respondents only who are accounting professionals and have prior knowledge about IFRS. Besides, an effort has also been made to describe factors and other demographic characteristics of an accounting professional of 171 respondents taken from outside Nepal as well. The questions were asked in the form of Likert scale questions. The Likert scale questions of different variables were measured in 5 point scale. This study has mainly focused on accounting professionals‘ perceptions various opportunities and challenges as a result of IFRS convergence. As per the survey, most of the respondents (68.4 percent) are ready for the change in accounting practices due to convergence with IFRS. The result shows that majority of the respondents (98.8 percent) think that IFRS is more advantageous than previous NAS followed by only 1.2 percent of the respondents who do not believe IFRS to be more advantageous than previous NAS. The study also showed shows that majority of the respondents (95.3 percent) think that adoption of IFRS is must for MNCs than domestic companies. The study concludes that all the variables of opportunities and challenges have positive and significant relationship with perceived opportunities and perceived challenges respectively. This study has used opportunities dimensions like accuracy and reliability, comparability, better corporate governance, harmonization, effective regulatory oversight and capital market regulation. Also this study has used challenges dimensions like inadequate training, insufficient preparatory period, work & burden, timely communication, immediate change in related laws and cultural impact. The study showed positive and significant relationship of these opportunity variables with perceived opportunity. Hence, study shows that IFRS/NFRS convergence brings opportunities as Nepalese accounting professionals perceive. All the challenge variables too showed positive and significant relationship with perceived challenges. It indicates that IFRS/NFRS convergence brings significant costs and challenges during the IFRS transition process as anticipated by Nepalese accounting professionals. Global accounting convergence and Nepal's leap from NAS to IFRS/NFRS: opportunities and challeges [printed text] / Prajwal Shrestha, Author . - 2016 . - 64p. ; GRP/Thesis + 5/B. Including bibilography Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Accounting-Standards International business enterprises-Accounting Keywords: 'acconting  global accounting  banks  bank and banking' Class number: 657.96 Abstract: With globalization the behavior of doing business changed across the world. The process of financial reporting of business activities also underwent a great change. This started in 2005 when European Union made it mandatory for publicly traded companies to present consolidated financial statements in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) starting from January 01, 2005 (Varghese, 2014). IFRS is a trade mark of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation. The main objective of International Financial reporting Standard (IFRS) is to harmonize accounting between countries which will make it easier to conduct business internationally and can subsequently raise funds in global capital market. In Nepal, The Accounting Standards Board (ASB) has prepared the road map so as to converge the Nepal Accounting Standards with International Financial Reporting Standards, which has been expected to be implemented from financial year 2013-14 onwards on phase-wise basis. For this purpose, a non-standing committee called IFRS & ISA Implementation Committee under Council of ICAN has been formed in the year 2011-12. Once these large economies converge with the IFRS, jurisdictions covering around 80 to 90 per cent of the world‘s GDP will be reporting under IFRS standards (Heidhues & Patel, 2008). Therefore, countries like Nepal too cannot afford to remain behind. Phan, Mascitelli & Barut (2011) suggested that the Vietnamese accounting professionals are optimistic about potential benefits from IFRS adoption. Their findings also indicated expected costs and challenges in implementing IFRS and suggest strong support in a gradual switch from Vietnam Accounting Standard (VAS) to IFRS. Callao et al. (2007) analyzed the financial data of Spanish firms and revealed that local comparability is adversely affected if both IFRS and local Accounting Standards are applied in the same country at the same time. Ali & Ustundag (2009) observed that Turkey has encountered several complications in adaption of IFRS such as complex structure of the International standards, potential knowledge shortfalls and other difficulties in application and enforcement issues. The main objective of this study is to analyze the perception of Nepalese practitioner regarding various opportunities and challenges as a result of IFRS convergence in Nepal. And the specific objectives are : to analyze whether IFRS enhance accuracy and reliability in financial reporting, to identify whether inadequate training facilities is a roadblock for an effective shift from NAS to ix IFRS, to determine if IFRS require immediate change in Nepalese company laws and other related laws and to examine the impact of IFRS convergence on regularity oversight. All the data required for this analytical study has been obtained mainly from primary sources. To reduce the complexity of data responses questionnaire were distributed, among those respondents only who are accounting professionals and have prior knowledge about IFRS. Besides, an effort has also been made to describe factors and other demographic characteristics of an accounting professional of 171 respondents taken from outside Nepal as well. The questions were asked in the form of Likert scale questions. The Likert scale questions of different variables were measured in 5 point scale. This study has mainly focused on accounting professionals‘ perceptions various opportunities and challenges as a result of IFRS convergence. As per the survey, most of the respondents (68.4 percent) are ready for the change in accounting practices due to convergence with IFRS. The result shows that majority of the respondents (98.8 percent) think that IFRS is more advantageous than previous NAS followed by only 1.2 percent of the respondents who do not believe IFRS to be more advantageous than previous NAS. The study also showed shows that majority of the respondents (95.3 percent) think that adoption of IFRS is must for MNCs than domestic companies. The study concludes that all the variables of opportunities and challenges have positive and significant relationship with perceived opportunities and perceived challenges respectively. This study has used opportunities dimensions like accuracy and reliability, comparability, better corporate governance, harmonization, effective regulatory oversight and capital market regulation. Also this study has used challenges dimensions like inadequate training, insufficient preparatory period, work & burden, timely communication, immediate change in related laws and cultural impact. The study showed positive and significant relationship of these opportunity variables with perceived opportunity. Hence, study shows that IFRS/NFRS convergence brings opportunities as Nepalese accounting professionals perceive. All the challenge variables too showed positive and significant relationship with perceived challenges. It indicates that IFRS/NFRS convergence brings significant costs and challenges during the IFRS transition process as anticipated by Nepalese accounting professionals.

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Managerial accounting / Bajracharya, Pushakar 

Public ISBD Title : Managerial accounting Material Type: printed text Authors: Bajracharya, Pushakar, Author Edition statement: 2nd ed Publisher: Kathmandu: Asmita Publication Date: 2010 Pagination: 853p. Size: Book Price: Rs. 855 Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Cost accounting Keywords: 'managerial accounting  strategic planning' Class number: 658.1511 Managerial accounting [printed text] / Bajracharya, Pushakar, Author  . -  2nd ed . - [S.l.] : Kathmandu: Asmita, 2010 . - 853p. ; Book. Rs. 855 Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Cost accounting Keywords: 'managerial accounting  strategic planning' Class number: 658.1511

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Performance measurement of Nepalese commercial banks / Rajesh Sudedi 

Public ISBD Title : Performance measurement of Nepalese commercial banks Material Type: printed text Authors: Rajesh Sudedi, Author Publication Date: 2013 Pagination: 78p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 1/B General note: Includes bibliographies Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Human resources development Performance appraisal Personnel management Keywords: 'performance measurement of Nepalese  personnel management  accounting  performance' Class number: 658.3125 Abstract: Performance measurement in banking is a study of relationship among the various financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of trend of these factors as shown in a series of statement. By establishing a strategic relationship between the items of a balance sheet and income statement and operative data, the financial analysis unveil the managing and significance of such items.The proposed study could be used by managers and researchers to examine and understand the changes in performance measurement systems in banks and to facilitate the effective adoption and implementation of performance measurement systems in financial systems. The general objective of this study was to compare the financial performance of different ownership structured commercial banks in Nepal based on their financial characteristics and identify the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios. Present study focused on the limitation as a descriptive financial analysis to describe, measure, compare, and classifies the financial situations of Nepalese commercial banks. The more important part of this study was to apply an econometric multivariate regression model to test the significance of variables on performance of Nepalese commercial banks where financial ratios are used to examine bank performance on the CAMEL framework such as capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity using secondary and primary data. Analyzing the first model, the result revealed moderate negative correlation between dependent variable (ROA) and independent variable non-performing loan (-.513), a weak negative relationship between return on Assets and interest expenses to loan (-.370), A strong moderate relation between return on assets (ROA) and net interest margin (+.556), a weak negative relation between return on assets and credit to deposit ratio (-.145). On the second part of the analysis, the result on ROE shows that there is strong explanatory power in the whole regression setting. This is predicted because the explanatory power of this model is explained about 67 variation in the dependent variable is explained by independent variables.Hence, we found non-performing loan, and management efficiency ratios, are negatively related with return on equity, but credit deposit ratios is positively related and significant to return on equity.Thus we accepted there is a significant relationship between credit to deposit ratios and return on equity. Based on return on assets, NABIL was found first in comparison with other joint venture banks. Similarly, based on ROE, Standard Chartered Bank was found first in comparison with Joint venture banks. Among domestic bank Kumari bank was found sound because it ranked first in terms of capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan and credit to deposit ratio. A part from the result of quantitative approach, the qualitative analysis in this study indicates that return on assets and return on equity of Nepalese commercial bank is sufficient therefore it is predicted that majority of respondents think that ROA and ROE will help or enhance the value for the sustainability of the bank.It is found that Majority of respondents strongly agreed that ROA and NIM both equally important for determining the financial measures for banks.It further agreed that performance measurement should be linked to customer value creation and their satisfaction. As there is negative relationship between return on assets and non-performing loan, the Nepalese commercial banks willing to increase return on assets should decrease non-performing loan , if the non-performing loan goes on increasing the bank will not able to increase return on assets. Similarly, there is positive relationship between return on assets and capital adequacy ratio, the Nepalese commercial bank should increase capital adequacy base.The study also revealed that interest expenses to total loan ratio and return on equity are negatively related, the banks are strongly recommended todecrease interest expenses from total loan in order to increase return on equity. In sum up, the major findings of this study can add value to the existing literature. It may help decision makers at bank to focus on major banking activities that may increase the bank ranking and financial performance position with other competitive banks. This may also help management of commercial bank in creating appropriate financial strategies for attaining the estimated financial performance. Performance measurement of Nepalese commercial banks [printed text] / Rajesh Sudedi, Author . - 2013 . - 78p. ; GRP/Thesis + 1/B. Includes bibliographies Languages : English Descriptors: Accounting Human resources development Performance appraisal Personnel management Keywords: 'performance measurement of Nepalese  personnel management  accounting  performance' Class number: 658.3125 Abstract: Performance measurement in banking is a study of relationship among the various financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of trend of these factors as shown in a series of statement. By establishing a strategic relationship between the items of a balance sheet and income statement and operative data, the financial analysis unveil the managing and significance of such items.The proposed study could be used by managers and researchers to examine and understand the changes in performance measurement systems in banks and to facilitate the effective adoption and implementation of performance measurement systems in financial systems. The general objective of this study was to compare the financial performance of different ownership structured commercial banks in Nepal based on their financial characteristics and identify the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios. Present study focused on the limitation as a descriptive financial analysis to describe, measure, compare, and classifies the financial situations of Nepalese commercial banks. The more important part of this study was to apply an econometric multivariate regression model to test the significance of variables on performance of Nepalese commercial banks where financial ratios are used to examine bank performance on the CAMEL framework such as capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity using secondary and primary data. Analyzing the first model, the result revealed moderate negative correlation between dependent variable (ROA) and independent variable non-performing loan (-.513), a weak negative relationship between return on Assets and interest expenses to loan (-.370), A strong moderate relation between return on assets (ROA) and net interest margin (+.556), a weak negative relation between return on assets and credit to deposit ratio (-.145). On the second part of the analysis, the result on ROE shows that there is strong explanatory power in the whole regression setting. This is predicted because the explanatory power of this model is explained about 67 variation in the dependent variable is explained by independent variables.Hence, we found non-performing loan, and management efficiency ratios, are negatively related with return on equity, but credit deposit ratios is positively related and significant to return on equity.Thus we accepted there is a significant relationship between credit to deposit ratios and return on equity. Based on return on assets, NABIL was found first in comparison with other joint venture banks. Similarly, based on ROE, Standard Chartered Bank was found first in comparison with Joint venture banks. Among domestic bank Kumari bank was found sound because it ranked first in terms of capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan and credit to deposit ratio. A part from the result of quantitative approach, the qualitative analysis in this study indicates that return on assets and return on equity of Nepalese commercial bank is sufficient therefore it is predicted that majority of respondents think that ROA and ROE will help or enhance the value for the sustainability of the bank.It is found that Majority of respondents strongly agreed that ROA and NIM both equally important for determining the financial measures for banks.It further agreed that performance measurement should be linked to customer value creation and their satisfaction. As there is negative relationship between return on assets and non-performing loan, the Nepalese commercial banks willing to increase return on assets should decrease non-performing loan , if the non-performing loan goes on increasing the bank will not able to increase return on assets. Similarly, there is positive relationship between return on assets and capital adequacy ratio, the Nepalese commercial bank should increase capital adequacy base.The study also revealed that interest expenses to total loan ratio and return on equity are negatively related, the banks are strongly recommended todecrease interest expenses from total loan in order to increase return on equity. In sum up, the major findings of this study can add value to the existing literature. It may help decision makers at bank to focus on major banking activities that may increase the bank ranking and financial performance position with other competitive banks. This may also help management of commercial bank in creating appropriate financial strategies for attaining the estimated financial performance.

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