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Determinants of non-performing loan in Nepalese commercial banks / Seema Bhattari
Title : Determinants of non-performing loan in Nepalese commercial banks Material Type: printed text Authors: Seema Bhattari, Author Publication Date: 2013 Pagination: 113p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 2/B General note: Including bibliography
Languages : English Descriptors: Bank loans
Banks
Banks and banking
Commercial banks
Loans
Nepal
Non-performing loan
Seema BhattaraiKeywords: 'bank loans banks banks and banking commercial banks nepal loans seema bhattarai non-performing' Class number: 332.175 Abstract: The non-performing loans (NPL) of financial institutions are considered as a significant issue in the context of Nepal for last few decades. The immediate consequence of large amount of NPLs in the banking system is bank failure. Non-performing loans are one of the main reasons that cause insolvency of the financial institutions and ultimately hurt the whole economy. Studies show that the failure of banks in Nepal was also the result of the high non-performing assets due to and the result of lending without differentiating markets, products and borrowers’ credit worthiness and excessive loan exposure to real estate. However, there is not any study regarding the factors affecting non-performing loan in Nepal. Finding the factors affecting NPL covering both micro (banks specific) and macroeconomic variables may help to reduce the NPL and improve the profitability of each commercial banks and may also help for improvement of the economy as a whole.
In this context the study aims to identify the impact of macroeconomic variables (GDP, Inflation, and Real Effective Exchange Rate) and bank specific variables (size, change in loan, real lending rate of interest, and share of loan to total assets) on the non-performing loan of the commercial banks in Nepal. It further aims to identify the perception of bankers regarding the impact of bank specific variables and macroeconomic variables on non-performing loan in Nepalese Commercial Banks.
The study is conducted with primary as well as secondary sources. The secondary data are collected for 26 commercial banks covering the period of 2002-2012 with 227 observations. The primary data are collected from 140 bankers of ten top commercial banks of Nepal. It followed both qualitative and quantitative approach to analyze the findings of the study.
It is found that the government owned banks have the highest non-performing loan in all the years while the standard chartered bank has the lowest non-performing loan. However, newly established banks also have low non-performing loan. In terms of size, the government owned banks occupy the largest share while the share is low in the newly established banks like Citizens bank, Grand bank and Kist bank.
Macroeconomic variables such as the real effective exchange rate have significantly negative impact on non-performing loan which is inconsistent with the findings of previous studies. The impact of GDP growth rate is found to be insignificant in this study. One year lagged inflation rate has significant positive impact on non-performing loan. The banks which charge relatively higher real interest rate have higher non-performing loan, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies. If the bank is government owned bank the non-performing loan would be higher than that of the private owned banks since ownership dummy has positive coefficient and significant at one percent level. As well, more lending in the previous years and current year reduces the non-performing loan since the coefficient of change in loan in current and previous years have negative coefficient and significant at one percent level.
The bankers of Nepalese commercial bank perceive that energy crisis; lack of timely budgetary expenditure by the government and instable political environment increases the non-performing loan. Similarly bankers also perceive that borrowers honesty in disclosing the information, better monitoring and evaluation of the loan, increase in GDP growth rate have significantly negative impact on non-performing loan. However, the banker’s perception shows that the macroeconomic variables like unemployment rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and interest rate are not much important variables to influence non-performing loan of the commercial banks of Nepal. These findings of the study may add the literature on the area of determinants of non-performing loan within Nepalese Commercial banks in Nepal.
Determinants of non-performing loan in Nepalese commercial banks [printed text] / Seema Bhattari, Author . - 2013 . - 113p. ; GRP/Thesis + 2/B.
Including bibliography
Languages : English
Descriptors: Bank loans
Banks
Banks and banking
Commercial banks
Loans
Nepal
Non-performing loan
Seema BhattaraiKeywords: 'bank loans banks banks and banking commercial banks nepal loans seema bhattarai non-performing' Class number: 332.175 Abstract: The non-performing loans (NPL) of financial institutions are considered as a significant issue in the context of Nepal for last few decades. The immediate consequence of large amount of NPLs in the banking system is bank failure. Non-performing loans are one of the main reasons that cause insolvency of the financial institutions and ultimately hurt the whole economy. Studies show that the failure of banks in Nepal was also the result of the high non-performing assets due to and the result of lending without differentiating markets, products and borrowers’ credit worthiness and excessive loan exposure to real estate. However, there is not any study regarding the factors affecting non-performing loan in Nepal. Finding the factors affecting NPL covering both micro (banks specific) and macroeconomic variables may help to reduce the NPL and improve the profitability of each commercial banks and may also help for improvement of the economy as a whole.
In this context the study aims to identify the impact of macroeconomic variables (GDP, Inflation, and Real Effective Exchange Rate) and bank specific variables (size, change in loan, real lending rate of interest, and share of loan to total assets) on the non-performing loan of the commercial banks in Nepal. It further aims to identify the perception of bankers regarding the impact of bank specific variables and macroeconomic variables on non-performing loan in Nepalese Commercial Banks.
The study is conducted with primary as well as secondary sources. The secondary data are collected for 26 commercial banks covering the period of 2002-2012 with 227 observations. The primary data are collected from 140 bankers of ten top commercial banks of Nepal. It followed both qualitative and quantitative approach to analyze the findings of the study.
It is found that the government owned banks have the highest non-performing loan in all the years while the standard chartered bank has the lowest non-performing loan. However, newly established banks also have low non-performing loan. In terms of size, the government owned banks occupy the largest share while the share is low in the newly established banks like Citizens bank, Grand bank and Kist bank.
Macroeconomic variables such as the real effective exchange rate have significantly negative impact on non-performing loan which is inconsistent with the findings of previous studies. The impact of GDP growth rate is found to be insignificant in this study. One year lagged inflation rate has significant positive impact on non-performing loan. The banks which charge relatively higher real interest rate have higher non-performing loan, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies. If the bank is government owned bank the non-performing loan would be higher than that of the private owned banks since ownership dummy has positive coefficient and significant at one percent level. As well, more lending in the previous years and current year reduces the non-performing loan since the coefficient of change in loan in current and previous years have negative coefficient and significant at one percent level.
The bankers of Nepalese commercial bank perceive that energy crisis; lack of timely budgetary expenditure by the government and instable political environment increases the non-performing loan. Similarly bankers also perceive that borrowers honesty in disclosing the information, better monitoring and evaluation of the loan, increase in GDP growth rate have significantly negative impact on non-performing loan. However, the banker’s perception shows that the macroeconomic variables like unemployment rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and interest rate are not much important variables to influence non-performing loan of the commercial banks of Nepal. These findings of the study may add the literature on the area of determinants of non-performing loan within Nepalese Commercial banks in Nepal.
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Barcode Call number Media type Location Section Status 14/D 332.175 BHA Thesis/Dissertation Uniglobe Library Social Sciences Available Impact on non-performing loan on bank profitability: a case of Nepalese commercial banks / Ravi Bhandari
Title : Impact on non-performing loan on bank profitability: a case of Nepalese commercial banks Material Type: printed text Authors: Ravi Bhandari, Author Publication Date: 2014 Pagination: 71p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 5/B General note: Including bibilography Languages : English Descriptors: Bank loans
Banks
Banks and banking
Loans
Non-performing loanKeywords: 'bank loans banks banks and banking commercial banks nepal loans return on assets return on equality' Class number: 332.175 Impact on non-performing loan on bank profitability: a case of Nepalese commercial banks [printed text] / Ravi Bhandari, Author . - 2014 . - 71p. ; GRP/Thesis + 5/B.
Including bibilography
Languages : English
Descriptors: Bank loans
Banks
Banks and banking
Loans
Non-performing loanKeywords: 'bank loans banks banks and banking commercial banks nepal loans return on assets return on equality' Class number: 332.175 Hold
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Barcode Call number Media type Location Section Status 110/D 332.175 BHA Thesis/Dissertation Uniglobe Library Social Sciences Available Loan loss provision practices of Nepalese commercial banks / Sajana Dangol
Title : Loan loss provision practices of Nepalese commercial banks Material Type: printed text Authors: Sajana Dangol, Author Publication Date: 2013 Pagination: 88p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 1/B General note: Including bibliography Languages : English Descriptors: Banks
Banks and banking
Commercial banks
Loan loss provision
Loans
Nepal
Sajana DangolKeywords: 'sajana Dangol nepal loans loan loss banks banking management financial institutions commercial banks' Class number: 332.12 Abstract: Loan loss provisions ensure level of protection for expected credit losses. The intention of a loan loss provision is the anticipation of the loan's expected losses by adjusting the book value of the loan. Loan loss provisions reflect not only the probability of default, but also the amount the lender can recover in case of default.
This study investigates the determinants of loan loss provisions of commercial banks in Nepal with respect to firm specific and macroeconomic variables. The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship and impact of credit quality, earnings, capital adequacy ratio, bank size and GDP on loan loss provision.
The research was based on primary and secondary data. The methods used for secondary data analysis included descriptive statistics, and analysis by forming portfolios and regression analysis. The methods used for primary data analysis included percentage frequency distribution, mean scores and standard deviation of responses to Likert scale items.
The major conclusion of this study is that nonperforming loans, growth of loan, earnings before tax and provision, capital adequacy ratio and total assets explain loan loss provision in the context of Nepal. The determinants of LLP are not equally applicable for all types of ownership of banks. Some determinants like CAR and TA are common to all banks while other determinants like NPL, LAR, GL, ROA, EBTPTA, ME and GDP are not equally significant for all banks. The results also indicate strong role of capital adequacy ratio and nonperforming loan to explain loan loss provision except for state owned banks. However, total assets also has consistent significant negative with loan loss provision in all case. This study also concluded that provisioning tends to be low when there is rapid growth in loan. This study also concluded that banks have provisioning for loan loss by setting aside extra buffers in high earning years and banks use loan loss provisions to smooth income over the period.
Loan loss provision practices of Nepalese commercial banks [printed text] / Sajana Dangol, Author . - 2013 . - 88p. ; GRP/Thesis + 1/B.
Including bibliography
Languages : English
Descriptors: Banks
Banks and banking
Commercial banks
Loan loss provision
Loans
Nepal
Sajana DangolKeywords: 'sajana Dangol nepal loans loan loss banks banking management financial institutions commercial banks' Class number: 332.12 Abstract: Loan loss provisions ensure level of protection for expected credit losses. The intention of a loan loss provision is the anticipation of the loan's expected losses by adjusting the book value of the loan. Loan loss provisions reflect not only the probability of default, but also the amount the lender can recover in case of default.
This study investigates the determinants of loan loss provisions of commercial banks in Nepal with respect to firm specific and macroeconomic variables. The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship and impact of credit quality, earnings, capital adequacy ratio, bank size and GDP on loan loss provision.
The research was based on primary and secondary data. The methods used for secondary data analysis included descriptive statistics, and analysis by forming portfolios and regression analysis. The methods used for primary data analysis included percentage frequency distribution, mean scores and standard deviation of responses to Likert scale items.
The major conclusion of this study is that nonperforming loans, growth of loan, earnings before tax and provision, capital adequacy ratio and total assets explain loan loss provision in the context of Nepal. The determinants of LLP are not equally applicable for all types of ownership of banks. Some determinants like CAR and TA are common to all banks while other determinants like NPL, LAR, GL, ROA, EBTPTA, ME and GDP are not equally significant for all banks. The results also indicate strong role of capital adequacy ratio and nonperforming loan to explain loan loss provision except for state owned banks. However, total assets also has consistent significant negative with loan loss provision in all case. This study also concluded that provisioning tends to be low when there is rapid growth in loan. This study also concluded that banks have provisioning for loan loss by setting aside extra buffers in high earning years and banks use loan loss provisions to smooth income over the period.
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Barcode Call number Media type Location Section Status 18/D 332.12 DAN Thesis/Dissertation Uniglobe Library Social Sciences Available Determinants of loan loss provision in Nepalese commercial banks / Deepa Bhusal
Title : Determinants of loan loss provision in Nepalese commercial banks Material Type: printed text Authors: Deepa Bhusal, Author Publication Date: 2018 Pagination: 96p. Size: GRP/Thesis Accompanying material: 11/B Languages : English Descriptors: Bank loans
Loan loss provisionKeywords: loans loan loss banks banking management financial institutions commercial banks' Class number: 332.12 Abstract: In today’s fast-moving business environment, banks are exposed to a large number of risks: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, operational risk, interest rate exchange risk, etc. Due to such exposure to various risks, efficient risk management is required. Managing risk is one of the basic tasks to be done, once it has been identified and known. Shafiq& Nasr (2010) argued that managing a risk in advance is far better than waiting for its occurrence. The focus of good risk management is the identification and treatment of risks. Its objective is to add maximum sustainable value to all the activities of the organization.
The loan loss provision increase with the riskiness that bank makes on the loan. A bank making a small number of risky loans will have a low loan loss provision compared to a bank taking higher risks. The high quality loan requires low loan loss provision, whereas bad loan requires high loan loss provision. A loan loss provision is considered as an adjustment of the bank value of a loan which regards future changes in the loan’s value due to default events (Hlawatch&Ostrowski, 2010).
Managerial discretion in the use of loan loss provision (LLP) has attracted considerable attention from both regulators and academics for a long time. Earlier studies focused on the use of LLP for capital management (Ahmed et al., 1999). More recently, the study focuses on the timeliness of LLP over the business cycle and the associated effects on banks' lending behavior and financial stability (Laeven&Majnoni, 2003; Bikker&Metzemakers, 2005 and Beatty & Liao, 2011). If banks account for the fact that the latent credit risk in their loan portfolios rises during upswings when competition between banks increases and monitoring efforts decrease, they should increase their provisioning level during upswings and lower it during downturns as losses occur, thus build and release provisions in a countercyclical fashion.
The major purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of bank specific and macroeconomic factors on loan loss provisions in Nepalese commercial banks. The specific objectives of this study are: a) To analyze the structure and pattern of dependent (LLP1 and LLP2) and independent variables (capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and non-performing loan), b) To examine the relationship between macroeconomic variable like GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate with loan loss provision, c) To identify the effect of capital adequacy ratio, loan growth and bank size on loan loss provision, d) To examine the relationship between non-performing loan and loan loss provision of the bank.
The study is based on the secondary data which were gathered for a sample of 18 commercial banks of Nepal within the time period from 2008 to 2015, leading to the total of 144 observations. This study employs descriptive and causal comparative research design to deal with bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of loan loss provision of Nepalese commercial banks. More specifically, the study examines the effect of capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size, non-performing loan, GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate on loan loss provision. The main sources of data are various issues of banking and financial statistics, World Bank, bank supervision reports of NRB and various annual reports of selected commercial banks.
The average loan loss provision to total loan is highest for NBB (9.88 percent) and lowest for SCBL (1.34 percent).CZBL has the highest average loan loss provision to non-performing loan of 7.29 times and HBL has lowest of 1.25 times.The average capital adequacy ratio is highest for SCBL (15.18 percent) and lowest for SBL (10.76 percent).The analysis of loan growth indicates that average loan growth is highest for GBIME (38.33 percent) and lowest for SCBL (11.73 percent).The average bank size is highest for NABIL (83695.83 million) and lowest for NCC (22907.86 million).NBB has the highest average non-performing loan of 6.39 percent and EBL has lowest of 0.51 percent.
The descriptive statistics for the variables are used in this study. Clearly, The average loan loss provisions to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan for 18 sample banks is 2.62 percent and 2.85 times respectively. Similarly, average capital adequacy ratio is 12.31 percent; loan growth is 23.71 percent. Similarly, the mean proportion of bank size is 45266.58 million, non-performing loan is 1.73 percent, GDP growth rate is 3.86 percent and inflation rate is 9.53 percent. Furthermore, the average interest rate is of 3.25 percent.
From the analysis, non-performing loan, inflation rate and interest rate are positively correlated with loan loss provision to total loan. This study reveals that capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated with loan loss provision to total loan. It indicates that higher the capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and GDP growth rate, lower would be loan loss provision to total loan. The result also shows that loan growth, inflation rate and interest rate are positively correlated to loan loss provision to non-performing loan. Also, this study reveals that capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan, bank size and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated to loan loss provision to non-performing loan.
The regression result found beta coefficient of capital adequacy ratio is negative with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which indicates that banks having higher capital adequacy ratio have lower loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient is significant at 1 percent level of significance for loan loss provision to total loan and significant at 5 percent level of significance for loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for loan growth is negative for loan loss provision to total loan and positive for loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for loan growth is insignificant for both loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The result found negative beta coefficient for the bank size with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The coefficient is significant at 5 percent level of significance for bank size with loan loss provision to total loan.
The result shows positive beta coefficient for non-performing loan with loan loss provision to total loan. However, beta coefficient for non-performing loan is negative with loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for non-performing loan is significant at 1 percent level of significance. The beta coefficient for GDP growth rate is negative and insignificant for all proxy of loan loss provision i.e. loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which means that with an increase in GDP growth rate leads to decrease in loan loss provision. The positive beta coefficient is observed for inflation rate with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which indicates that higher the inflation rate; higher would be loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient is insignificant for inflation rate. The result found positive beta coefficient for the interest rate with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The coefficient is significant at 1 percent level of significance for interest rate with loan loss provision to non-performing loan and insignificant for loan loss provision to total loan.
Determinants of loan loss provision in Nepalese commercial banks [printed text] / Deepa Bhusal, Author . - 2018 . - 96p. ; GRP/Thesis + 11/B.
Languages : English
Descriptors: Bank loans
Loan loss provisionKeywords: loans loan loss banks banking management financial institutions commercial banks' Class number: 332.12 Abstract: In today’s fast-moving business environment, banks are exposed to a large number of risks: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, operational risk, interest rate exchange risk, etc. Due to such exposure to various risks, efficient risk management is required. Managing risk is one of the basic tasks to be done, once it has been identified and known. Shafiq& Nasr (2010) argued that managing a risk in advance is far better than waiting for its occurrence. The focus of good risk management is the identification and treatment of risks. Its objective is to add maximum sustainable value to all the activities of the organization.
The loan loss provision increase with the riskiness that bank makes on the loan. A bank making a small number of risky loans will have a low loan loss provision compared to a bank taking higher risks. The high quality loan requires low loan loss provision, whereas bad loan requires high loan loss provision. A loan loss provision is considered as an adjustment of the bank value of a loan which regards future changes in the loan’s value due to default events (Hlawatch&Ostrowski, 2010).
Managerial discretion in the use of loan loss provision (LLP) has attracted considerable attention from both regulators and academics for a long time. Earlier studies focused on the use of LLP for capital management (Ahmed et al., 1999). More recently, the study focuses on the timeliness of LLP over the business cycle and the associated effects on banks' lending behavior and financial stability (Laeven&Majnoni, 2003; Bikker&Metzemakers, 2005 and Beatty & Liao, 2011). If banks account for the fact that the latent credit risk in their loan portfolios rises during upswings when competition between banks increases and monitoring efforts decrease, they should increase their provisioning level during upswings and lower it during downturns as losses occur, thus build and release provisions in a countercyclical fashion.
The major purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of bank specific and macroeconomic factors on loan loss provisions in Nepalese commercial banks. The specific objectives of this study are: a) To analyze the structure and pattern of dependent (LLP1 and LLP2) and independent variables (capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and non-performing loan), b) To examine the relationship between macroeconomic variable like GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate with loan loss provision, c) To identify the effect of capital adequacy ratio, loan growth and bank size on loan loss provision, d) To examine the relationship between non-performing loan and loan loss provision of the bank.
The study is based on the secondary data which were gathered for a sample of 18 commercial banks of Nepal within the time period from 2008 to 2015, leading to the total of 144 observations. This study employs descriptive and causal comparative research design to deal with bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of loan loss provision of Nepalese commercial banks. More specifically, the study examines the effect of capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size, non-performing loan, GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate on loan loss provision. The main sources of data are various issues of banking and financial statistics, World Bank, bank supervision reports of NRB and various annual reports of selected commercial banks.
The average loan loss provision to total loan is highest for NBB (9.88 percent) and lowest for SCBL (1.34 percent).CZBL has the highest average loan loss provision to non-performing loan of 7.29 times and HBL has lowest of 1.25 times.The average capital adequacy ratio is highest for SCBL (15.18 percent) and lowest for SBL (10.76 percent).The analysis of loan growth indicates that average loan growth is highest for GBIME (38.33 percent) and lowest for SCBL (11.73 percent).The average bank size is highest for NABIL (83695.83 million) and lowest for NCC (22907.86 million).NBB has the highest average non-performing loan of 6.39 percent and EBL has lowest of 0.51 percent.
The descriptive statistics for the variables are used in this study. Clearly, The average loan loss provisions to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan for 18 sample banks is 2.62 percent and 2.85 times respectively. Similarly, average capital adequacy ratio is 12.31 percent; loan growth is 23.71 percent. Similarly, the mean proportion of bank size is 45266.58 million, non-performing loan is 1.73 percent, GDP growth rate is 3.86 percent and inflation rate is 9.53 percent. Furthermore, the average interest rate is of 3.25 percent.
From the analysis, non-performing loan, inflation rate and interest rate are positively correlated with loan loss provision to total loan. This study reveals that capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated with loan loss provision to total loan. It indicates that higher the capital adequacy ratio, loan growth, bank size and GDP growth rate, lower would be loan loss provision to total loan. The result also shows that loan growth, inflation rate and interest rate are positively correlated to loan loss provision to non-performing loan. Also, this study reveals that capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan, bank size and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated to loan loss provision to non-performing loan.
The regression result found beta coefficient of capital adequacy ratio is negative with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which indicates that banks having higher capital adequacy ratio have lower loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient is significant at 1 percent level of significance for loan loss provision to total loan and significant at 5 percent level of significance for loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for loan growth is negative for loan loss provision to total loan and positive for loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for loan growth is insignificant for both loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The result found negative beta coefficient for the bank size with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The coefficient is significant at 5 percent level of significance for bank size with loan loss provision to total loan.
The result shows positive beta coefficient for non-performing loan with loan loss provision to total loan. However, beta coefficient for non-performing loan is negative with loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient for non-performing loan is significant at 1 percent level of significance. The beta coefficient for GDP growth rate is negative and insignificant for all proxy of loan loss provision i.e. loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which means that with an increase in GDP growth rate leads to decrease in loan loss provision. The positive beta coefficient is observed for inflation rate with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan which indicates that higher the inflation rate; higher would be loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The beta coefficient is insignificant for inflation rate. The result found positive beta coefficient for the interest rate with loan loss provision to total loan and loan loss provision to non-performing loan. The coefficient is significant at 1 percent level of significance for interest rate with loan loss provision to non-performing loan and insignificant for loan loss provision to total loan.
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Barcode Call number Media type Location Section Status 470/D 332.12 BHU Books Uniglobe Library Social Sciences Available